Profitability Accounting Ratios

What are Profitability Accounting Ratios?

The profitability accounting ratios or fiscal performance are substantially summarized in the statement of profit and loss. Profitability rates are calculated to assay the earning capacity of the business which is the outgrowth of the utilization of coffers employed in the business. There’s a close relationship between the profit and the effectiveness with which the coffers employed in the business are utilized.



The colourful rates which are generally used to assay the profitability accounting ratios of the business are:

1. Gross profit ratio
2. Operating ratio
3. Operating profit ratio
4. Net profit ratio
5. Return on Investment (ROI) or Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)
6. Return on Net Worth (RONW)
7. Earnings per share
8. Book value per share
9. Dividend payout ratio
10. Price earning ratio.



1. Gross Profit Ratio

The gross profit rate as a chance of profit from operations is reckoned to have an idea about the gross periphery. It’s reckoned as follows
Gross Profit Rate = Gross Profit/ Net Profit of Operations × 100

Significance: It indicates the gross periphery of products vented. It also indicates the periphery available to cover operating charges,non-operating charges, etc. A change in gross profit rate may be due to a change in the dealing price cost of profit from operations or a combination of both. A low rate may indicate an inimical purchase and deals policy. An advanced gross profit rate is always a good sign.

2. Operating Ratio

It’s reckoned to dissect the cost of operation to profit from operations. It’s calculated as follows
Operating Rate = ( Cost of Profit from Operations Operating Charges)/ Net Profit from Operations × 100
Operating charges include office charges, executive charges, dealing charges, distribution charges, deprecation, hand benefit charges, etc.

The cost of operation is determined by banning operating inflows and charges similar to a loss on trade of means, interest paid, tip entered, loss by fire, enterprise gain, and so on.

3. Operating profit ratio

It’s calculated to reveal the operating periphery. It may be reckoned directly or as a residual of the operating rate.
Operating Profit Rate = 100 – Operating Rate
Alternately, it’s calculated as under
Operating Profit Rate = Operating Profit/ Profit from Operations × 100
Where Operating Profit = Profit from Operations – Operating Cost

Significance: Operating rate is reckoned to express the cost of operations banning fiscal charges about profit from operations. A corollary of its ‘ Operating Profit Rate’. It helps to dissect the performance of the business and throws light on the functional effectiveness of the business. It’s veritably useful for inter-firm as well as intra-firm comparisons. A lower operating rate is a veritably healthy sign.

4. Net profit ratio

The net profit rate is grounded on the all-inclusive conception of profit. It relates profit from operations to net profit after functional as well as non-operational charges and inflows. It’s calculated as under
Net Profit Rate = Net profit/ Profit from Operations × 100
Generally, net profit refers to profit after duty (PAT).

Significance: It’s a measure of net profit periphery about profit from operations. Besides revealing profitability, it’s the main variable in the calculation. of Return on Investment. It reflects the overall effectiveness of the business, assumes. great significance from the point of view of investors.

5. Return on Investment (ROI) or Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)

It explains the overall utilization of finances by a business enterprise. Capital employed means the long-term finances employed in the business and includes shareholders’ finances, debentures, and long-term loans. Alternately, the capital. employed may be taken as the aggregate of non-current means and working capital.

Profit refers to the Profit Before Interest and Duty (PBIT) for the calculation of this rate. Therefore, it’s reckoned as follows:

Return on Investment (or Capital Employed) = Profit before Interest and Duty/Capital Employed × 100
Significance It measures the return on capital employed in the business. It reveals the effectiveness of the business in the application of finances entrusted to it by shareholders,
debenture-holders, and long-term loans. For inter-firm comparison,

Return on capital employed finances is considered a good measure of profitability. It also helps in assessing whether the establishment is earning an advanced return on capital employed as compared to the interest rate paid.

6. Return on Net Worth (RONW)

This rate is veritably important from shareholders’ point of view in assessing whether their investment in the establishment generates a reasonable return or not. It should be more advanced than the return on investment otherwise, it would indicate that the company’s finances haven’t been employed profitably. A better measure of profitability from the shareholder’s point of view is attained by determining the return on total shareholders’ finances, it’s also nominated as Return . on Net Worth (RONW) and is calculated under

Return on Shareholders’ Fund = Profit after Tax/ Shareholders’ Funds × 100

7. Earnings per share

The rate is reckoned as EPS = Profit available for equity shareholders/ Number of Equity Shares
In this environment, earnings relate to profitability accounting ratios available for equity shareholders which are worked out as
Profit after Duty – Tip on Preference Shares.
This rate is veritably important from the equity shareholders’ point of view and also for the share price in the stock request. This also helps comparison with others to ascertain its reasonableness and capacity to pay tips.

8. Book value per share

This rate is calculated as
Book Value per share = Equity shareholders’ finances/ Number of Equity Shares
Equity shareholder fund refers to Shareholders’ Finances – Preference Share Capital. This rate is again veritably important from the equity shareholder’s point of view as it gives an idea about the value of their holding and affects the requested price of the shares.

9. Dividend payout ratio

This refers to the proportion of earnings that are distributed to the shareholders. It is calculated as –

Dividend Payout Ratio = Dividend per share/Earnings per share

This reflects the company’s dividend policy and growth in owner’s equity.

10. Price earning ratio

The rate is reckoned as –
P/ E Rate = Request Price of a share/ earnings per share
For illustration, if the EPS of Ltd. isRs. 10 and the request price isRs. 100, the price earning rate will be 10 (100/10). It reflects investors’ anticipation about the growth in the establishment’s earnings and the reasonableness of the requested price of its shares. P/ E Rate varies from industry to assiduity and company to company in the same assiduity depending upon investors’ perception of their future.



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