Balance Sheet

What is Balance Sheet?

Balance Sheet- The record may be a statement prepared for showing the financial position of the business summarizing its assets and liabilities at a given date. The assets reflect debit balances and liabilities (including capital) reflect credit balances. It is prepared at the top of the accounting period after the trading and profit and loss accounts are prepared.

It is called a record because it’s a press release of balances of ledger accounts that haven’t been transferred to trading and profit and loss accounts and are to be carried forward to a subsequent year with the assistance of a gap entry made within the journal at the start of the subsequent year.

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How to Preparing Balance Sheet

All the accounts of assets, liabilities, and capital are shown in the balance sheet. Accounts of capital and liabilities are shown on the left-hand side, known as Liabilities. Assets and other debit balances are shown on the right-hand side, known as Assets.

The horizontal format in which the balance sheet is prepared is shown in the figure

Balance Sheet of ________________ as on March’2018

Liabilities	Amount Rs.	Assets	Amount Rs.
Capital ( Add Profit ______)	————–	Fixed Assets	————–
Long Term Borrowings	————–	Cash-in-hand/Bank	————–
Short Term Borrowings	————–	Goodwill	————–
Sundry Creditors	————–	Sundry Debtors	————–
Bills Payable	————–	Land & Buildings	————–
Bank Overdraft	————–	Closing Stock	————–
	xxxxxxx		xxxxxxx

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What are Relevant Items in the Balance Sheet

Items that are generally included in a balance sheet are explained below :

• • Current Assets:

Current assets are those which are either in the form of cash or can be converted into cash within a year. Examples of such assets are cash in hand/bank, bills receivable, stock of raw materials, semi-finished goods and finished goods, sundry debtors, short-term investments, prepaid expenses, etc. 

• • Current Liabilities

Current liabilities are those liabilities that are expected to be paid within a year and which are usually to be paid out of current assets. Examples of such liabilities are bank overdrafts, bills payable, sundry creditors, short-term loans, outstanding expenses, etc.

• • Fixed Assets:

Fixed assets are those assets, which are held on a long-term basis in the business. Such assets are not acquired for resale, e.g. land, building, plant and machinery, furniture and fixtures, etc. Sometimes the term ‘Fixed Block’ or ‘Block Capital’ is also used for them.

• • Intangible Assets:

These are such assets that cannot be seen or touched. Goodwill, Patents, and Trademarks are some examples of intangible assets.

• • Investments:

Investments represent the funds invested in government securities, shares of a company, etc. They are shown at a cost price. If on the date of preparation of the balance sheet, the market price of investments is lower than the cost price, a footnote to that effect may be appended to the balance sheet.

• • Long-term Liabilities:

All liabilities other than the current liabilities are known as long-term liabilities. Such liabilities are usually payable after one year of the date of the balance sheet. The important items of long-term liabilities are long-term loans from the bank and other financial institutions.

• • Capital:

It is the excess of assets over liabilities due to outsiders. It represents the amount originally contributed by the proprietor/ partners as increased by profits and interest on capital and decreased by losses drawings and interest in drawings.

• • Drawing:

The amount withdrawn by the proprietor is termed as drawing and has the effect of reducing the balance on his capital account. Therefore, the drawing account is closed by transferring its balance to his capital account. However, it is shown by way of deduction from the capital in the balance sheet.

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Marshalling and Grouping of Assets and Liabilities in Balance Sheet

A major concern of accounting is about preparing and presenting the financial statement. The information so provided should be decision-useful for the users. Therefore, it becomes necessary that the items appearing in the balance sheet should be properly grouped and presented in a particular order.

     In a balance sheet, the assets and liabilities are arranged either in the order of liquidity or permanence. The arrangement of assets and liabilities in a particular order is known as Marshalling.

     In the case of permanence, the most permanent asset or liability is put on the top of the balance sheet and thereafter the assets are arranged in their reducing level of permanence.

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Balance Sheet of__________ as on March 31’2018 ( In order to Permanence)

Liabilities	Amount Rs.	Assets	Amount Rs.
Capital           12000 Add: Profit      4500	16500	Fixed Assets	15000
10% Long-Term Borrowing Loan	5000	Sundry Debtors	15500
Sundry Creditors	15000	Bank/Cash	6000
	36500		36500

     In the case of liquidity, the order is reversed. The information presented in this manner would enable the user to have a good idea about the life of the various accounts. The assets account of the relatively permanent nature would continue in the business for a long time whereas the less permanent or more liquid accounts will change their forms shortly and are likely to become cash or cash equivalent.

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Balance Sheet of__________ as on March 31’2018 ( In order to liquidity)

Liabilities	Amount Rs.	Assets	Amount Rs.
Sundry Creditors	15000	Bank/Cash	6000
10% Long-Term Borrowing Loan	5000	Sundry Debtors	15500
Capital           12000 Add: Profit       4500	16500	Fixed Assets	15000
	36500		36500

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The items appearing in the balance sheet can also be properly grouped. The term grouping means putting together items of similar nature under a common heading. For example, the balance of accounts of cash, bank, debtors, etc. can be grouped and shown under the heading of ‘current assets’ and the balances of all fixed assets and long-term investment under the heading of ‘non-current assets.

Balance Sheet of__________ as on March 31’2018 ( In order to Permanence)

Liabilities	Amount Rs.	Assets	Amount Rs.
Owner Funds Capital              12000 Add: Profit         4500	16500	Non-Current Assets Fixed Assets	15000
Non-Current Liabilities Long-Term Borrowing Loan	5000	Current Assets Sundry Debtors Bank/Cash	15500 6000
Current Liabilities Sundry Creditors	15000
	36500		36500

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